Gum diseases can be categorized into two broad groups, namely gingivitis and periodontitis.

Gingivitis is surely an inflammation from the gingivae (gums) in most ages but manifests more often in youngsters and the younger generation.

Periodontitis is definitely an inflammation with subsequent destruction of the other tooth-supporting structures, namely the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament and cementum and subsequent loss of teeth. This condition mainly manifests at the begining of mid-life with severity increasing within the elderly.

Gingivitis can or may progress to periodontitis state in the individual.

Gum diseases have been found to be probably the most widespread chronic diseases the world over having a prevalence of between 90 and 100 per-cent in older adults over 35 years in developing countries. It’s already been confirmed to be the main cause of loss of tooth in individuals Forty years and above.

Bad breath is probably the major consequences of gum diseases.

A number of the terms which can be greatly linked to terrible breath and gum diseases are the following:

Dental Plaque- The essential requirement of the prevention and management of a disease is surely an understanding of its causes. The key reason for gum diseases is bacteria, which form a complex on the tooth surface generally known as plaque. These bacteria’s would be the cause of bad breath.

Dental plaque is bacterial accumulations around the teeth and other solid oral structures. When it is of sufficient thickness, it appears being a whitish, yellowish layer mainly over the gum margins around the tooth surface. Its presence can be discerned by way of a conventional dye or fluorescent dye (demonstrated by illumination with ultraviolet light), disclosing solution or by scraping your tooth surface down the gum margins.

When plaque is examined under the microscope, it reveals numerous different types of bacteria. Some desquamated oral epithelial cells and white blood cells are often present. The micro-organisms detected vary in accordance with the site where they are present.
You can find gram positive and gram negative organisms, filamentous and flagellated organisms, spirochetes and occasionally small numbers of even yeasts, mycoplasma and protozoa.

Clean tooth surfaces after brushing tend to be included in a thin layer of glycoproteins from saliva called pellicle. Pellicle allows for the selective adherence of bacteria for the tooth surface.

During the first couple of hours, the bacteria proliferate to make colonies. Additionally, other organisms will likely populate the pellicle from adjacent areas produce a complex accumulation of mixed colonies. The information present between your bacteria is termed intermicrobial matrix forming about 25 % from the plaque volume. This matrix is especially extra cellular carbohydrate polymers created by the bacteria from dietary sugars; salivary and gingival fluid components; and dying and dead bacteria.

Little plaque are appropriate for gingival or periodontal health. A lot of people can resist larger numbers of plaque for very long periods without developing destructive periodontitis (inflammation and destruction of the supporting tissues) although they will exhibit gingivitis (inflammation from the gums or gingiva).

Diet And Plaque Formation- Diet may play an important part in plaque formation by modifying the quantity and composition of plaque. More the plaque formation will be, there’ll be more terrible breath.

Fermentable sugars increase plaque formation given that they provide additional energy supply for bacterial metabolism and offer the unprocessed trash (substrate) for that creation of extra cellular polysaccharides.

Secondary Factors

Although plaque may be the primary cause of gum diseases, a number of others deemed secondary factors, local and systemic, predispose towards plaque accumulation or modify the response of gum tissue to plaque. The neighborhood factors are:

1) Cavities within the teeth;

2) Faulty fillings;

3) Food impaction;

4) Poorly designed partial dentures (false teeth);

5) Orthodontic appliances;

6) Misaligned teeth;

7) mouth-breathing

8) Grooves on teeth or roots near gum margins;

9) Reduced salivary flow; and,

10) Cigarette smoking.

The systemic factors which potentially impact the gum tissues are:

1) Systemic diseases, e.g. diabetes mellitus, Down’s syndrome, AIDS, blood disorders while others;

2) Hormonal changes – during puberty, pregnancy, contraceptives intake and menopause;

3) Drug reactions, e.g. immunosuppressive drugs, antihypertensive drugs and antiepileptic drugs; and,

4) Dietary and nutritional factors, e.g. protein deficiency and vitamin C and B deficiency.

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